Turner syndrome: language profile of young girls at 12 and 24 months of age.

BACKGROUND: Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder associated with complete or partial absence of an X chromosome affecting approximately 1/2000 live female births. Available evidence suggests that, in the school-age years, girls with TS often require speech and language services; however, little is known about the language development of infants and toddlers. METHOD: This study (N = 31) explored the language profiles of 12- and 24-month-old girls with TS, as well as the percentage of girls who might be "at risk" for language delays. We also followed a subset of 12-month-old girls with TS to 24 months of age to determine the stability of the 12-month findings. RESULTS: Although all mean scores were within the average range at both time points, results revealed a higher prevalence of 24-month-old girls with TS "at risk" for receptive language difficulties. In addition, expressive language skills significantly exceeded receptive language skills at both time points. We found 12-month-old girls to be "at risk" for social and symbolic difficulties based on clinical assessment; only symbolic difficulties were significant based on caregiver report. At 24 months, clinical assessment indicated greater use of speech sounds and words than normative expectations. Caregivers reported greater use of speech sounds, and also, greater use of gestures. Although some changes occurred over a 1-year time span (12 to 24 months), all mean test scores remained within the average range and the changes in the percentage of girls manifesting "at risk" status on either the PLS-4 or CSBS-DP were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: Although within normal limits, receptive language skills were found to be significantly lower than expressive language skills at both ages. Social and symbolic communication skills also were in the average range, with both showing significant improvement from 12 to 24 months based on clinical assessment. Caregiver report found that use of gestures and production of speech sounds not only improved from 12 to 24 months, but also exceeded normative expectations. Findings suggest the presence of relatively intact speech and language abilities during the first 2 years of life, with perhaps some emergent concerns for receptive language development. Ongoing developmental surveillance will be important.

Pictogramas en la tecnología y sus significados en las relaciones de pareja / Pictograms in technology and their meanings in couple relationships

Este artículo da cuenta de una investigación realizada en la ciudad de Medellín durante el segundo semestre del 2019 y el primer semestre del 2020 con el objetivo de com-prender los efectos de las imágenes o pictogramas (emojis) en las relaciones de pareja actuales. La investigación fue cualitativa de corte fenomenológico; se diseñó una entre-vista a profundidad como instrumento para la recolección de información y fue aplicada a cuatro informantes que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión en el estudio. Entre los hallazgos se encuentra que los vínculos amorosos se ven permeados por el auge de la tecnología, en tanto es posible su consolidación aun en ausencia física del otro. Además, que los pictogramas adquieren un papel importante en la comunicación de las parejas, en la expresión de sentimientos y emociones, generando interpretaciones subjetivas positivas o negativas en algunos casos. La investigación permite concluir que la comunicación en las relaciones de pareja ha cambiado sustancialmente hoy en día, mutando a formas icónicas, como los pictogramas, forma ahora pragmática para establecer vínculos, lo cual permite la codificación del amor en la virtualidad.

This article reports on a research conducted in the city of Medellín during the second semester of 2019 and the first semester of 2020 with the objective of understanding the effects of images or pictograms (emojis) in current couple relationships. The research was qualitative of phenomenological cut; an in-depth interview was designed as an instrument for the collection of information and was applied to four informants who met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Among the findings is that love bonds are permeated by the rise of technology, since it is possible to consolidate them even in the physical absence of the other. In addition, pictograms acquire an important role in the communication of couples, in the expression of feelings and emotions, generating positive or negative subjective interpretations in some cases. The research allows us to conclude that communication in couple relationships has changed substantially nowadays, mutating to iconic forms, such as pictograms, a now pragmatic way to establish bonds, which allows the codification of love in virtuality.

Poetics in the shadow of the other's language: The melancholic discourse of the trilingual poet Amelia Rosselli.

In this paper, I propose a psychoanalytic reading of some of the writings of Amelia Rosselli, a trilingual poet who, at the age of seven, lost her father Carlo, who was persecuted and murdered by Mussolini's regime. History and her history conflate into personal and collective trauma which defies human possibilities to work through and mourn. Rosselli's work testifies to such predicament of the human subject of the 20th century, his/her dislocation, alienation and internal irreconcilable divisions. In particular I examine Diary in three tongues, which is the most autobiographical of her works and a self-analytic piece, written after the conclusion of her second analysis. In the Diary, Rosselli employs textual strategies which convey the fragmentation and destructuring of language, where her traumatic experience resides as a wound inflicted to the symbolic order. I propose that her writings contain her unconscious memories in an estranged and melancholic language which becomes the crucible to express her impossible mourning, in a complex mixture of Eros and Thanatos which allowed her to survive psychically and to create a very personal experimental poetic discourse which made her a literary figure of international acclaim. My primary engagement will be with Freud's theory of mourning and melancholia and its successive elaboration by Kristeva, who maintains that the melancholic discourse finds its expression in the pre-verbal and infra-verbal aspects of language, which she calls 'semiotics', in dialectic articulation with its symbolic components. Drawing on literary texts, significant inferences can be made on the psychoanalytic listening to the prosodic aspects of language as the carrier of inchoate forms of representation of that which exceeds language: trauma, raw affects, mnemic traces, that is, the unrepresented and/or unrepresentable.